INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

International relations are official contacts between government of independent countries. Each countries to maintain peaceful relations with one another through special representatives who work to promote international cooperation.

According to the international law, it is the Head of State or the minister for foreign affairs who was the right to make relations or transactions between nations. But in reality, it is impossible for them to always conduct relations by them selves. There for to carry out international transactions or conduct international relations, the government leaves the task to its diplomats.

The term international relations does not refer to private contacts among individuals who live in different countries. But such private contacts may affect international relations, and international relations may affect private contacts. For example, the relations between two individuals from two different countries. One is an importer and the other one is an exporter. They can sell and buy goods because their governments have signed agreements that assure the right of individuals to ship goods across national boundaries or to travel to foreign countries.

Through international relations each government tries to obtain benefits for its citizens without detrimenting any other country or countries if possible. There fore, government cooperative with one another if such action serves the interest of their people. The leak of the ozone layer, the pollution of the atmosphere and spread of diseases affect the people of all nations. These problems cannot be solved by one government acting alone and so governments work together in dealing with them. Relations between countries are based on their mutual interest. No government has the authority to force any other government to cooperate. Each independent country or state has its own sovereignty. This means that no authority is higher than its own.

International Trade
International trade is the exchange of goods and serviced produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In most cases, countries do not trade the actual goods and services. Rather, they use the income, or money, from the sale of their products to buy the products of another country.

Trade among countries allows people in each country to use their energies in doing what they do best. That is, it makes them specialize. Trade and specialization go hand in hand and enable each of us to have more products to use and more different kinds of products at the lowest possible cost.

Nations trade for many reasons. First, they trade because there are differences in natural resources in different part of the world. The plants that can be grown are different. The mineral resources are also different.

For example, Canada has nickel mines but is too cold to grow oranges. The United State has only a few small nickel mines but produces large crops of oranges. So the United State buys nickel from Canada, and Canada buys oranges from the United State. We say that the United State exports oranges and imports nickel. Canada exports nickel and imports the oranges.

The second reasons nations trade with one another is that it pays to specialize. Specialization makes the best use of a country’s productive resources-its natural resources, the skill of its workers, and its factories. When a country specialized, it can make some goods that are of better quality than goods made else where. Carpets woven in Iran and wine produced in France are examples of these special goods.

Many countries get a large part of their income from selling one or two primary products. Primary products are the raw materials from which manufactured goods are made. They may be made from wool, cotton, beef, or wheat. They may come from beneath the surface of the earth, as do copper, iron, coal, and crude oil. Or they may come from forests, as do wood (not timber) and natural rubber.

Trading in most countries is done by businesses. They are some cases in which the governments may do the trading. International trade has many more problems than there are in domestic trade. Currency difference between nations create difficulties. Language differences often cause misunderstandings. Different ways of doing business cause confusion. Tariffs and other trade barriers may be set up by a government.

Amnesty International
Amnesty International is a human right organization that won the Nobel peace prize in 1977. It was founded in 1961 to further human freedom by condemning torture and imprisonment because of religious and political beliefs. Its method is to cases through mailings and other publicity. The organizations has members in more than 150 countries. World head quarters are in London, England.

International pressure has caused some government to improve their records on human rights. As a private organization, Amnesty International has helped by exposing the continued use of torture and other violations of human rights in various countries. There has been some improvement in the area of human rights, although progress has been uneven. The countries of the world now officially condemn genocide the deliberate destruction of a race or a people.

As people throughout the word became better informed, they will be better able to judge what is good and what is bad for a society. The spread of human rights and liberties will then be aided by the force of world opinion. Now most government at least claim to support human rights. The United Nations, the governments of democratic countries, and private organizations such as Amnesty International use their influence in the most serious cases of injustice. But it is difficult to judge the effect of this influence on the many countries that are dictatorships.

UNO
The United Nations Organization is a voluntary association of nations. It was organized to keep the peace, to promote the general welfare of people, and to gain respect for individual liberties and the right of people to determine their own future.

The United Nations, like many national governments, has organs, or divisions. These organs have functions somewhat comparable to those of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of national governments. However, the United Nations does not have as much power over its member nations as national governments have over their people. The United Nations must depend largely on the willingness of the member nations to cooperate in the good faith.

Although the United Nations is primarily an organization for keeping peace, it has other important jobs, too. These jobs include bringing about cooperation in dealing with economic and social problems, furthering respect for human rights, and helping non self governing territories to develop economically and politically. In admitting new members, the United Nations show that is accepts the responsibility of helping in their development and in the elimination of racial discrimination.

The charter list principles that the organization and member state agree to respect. Some of these are designed to limit the power of the organization. One of these is the principle of sovereign equality, the equality of each member nation. Another is the principle of nonintervention the United Nations will intervene only in international problems, not in the domestic problems of a country. Other principles emphasize the use of peaceful means for setting disputes and require that nations avoid threatening other nations with force or actually using force. Member nations are also asked to support the United Nations in peacekeeping operations.

The General Assembly can admit a new member only if the Security Council recommends the admission. The security council cannot recommend a nation for membership unless the permanent members of the council (the United State, the soviet (now Russia) the United Kingdom, France and China) agree.

UNICEF
United Nations Children’s Fund is a semiautomatic agency of the United Nations established by the General Assembly on December 11, 1946. Originally called the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. It was created to provide emergency supplies of food, clothing, and medicine to youngsters in war ravaged Europe. Once this task was completed, UNICEF began revising long range programmers to combat disease, malnutrition, and illiteracy among children. UNICEF became a permanent agency in 1953, and the words “International” and “Emergency” were dropped from its name. Now UNICEF’s primary concern is helping governments of developing countries improve the quality of life for nearly a billion children.

In 1976, UNICEF adopted a basic services strategy for the Third World to extend community based services in the fields of maternal and child health, applied nutrition, environmental sanitation, education and social welfare services, including day care programmers. Host governments supply matching funds, personnel, and facilities for these project, while UNICEF provides assistance in the planning and design of services, training of local personnel, and the delivery of special equipment and supplies.

One fourth of UNICEF’s resources are devoted to meeting immediate emergencies arising from natural disasters, political unrest, or epidemics. UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 for promoting international brotherhood.
Three fourths of UNICEF’s revenues come from voluntary pledges by national governments. The rest is from private contributions, the sale of greeting cards, and fund raising activities.

UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), with headquarters in Paris, was established in 1946. It was founded on the principle that if people understand one another better, they will be less likely to go to war one another. People are requested to live in brotherhood and to prevent from having a quarrel with. Therefore, UNESCO tries to seek better understanding between the peoples of the world. The organization operates in close partnership with national groups within member countries. It has been very active in providing technical assistance and has encouraged cooperation between the peoples of the world and to fund the development of education. But most of the underdeveloped countries haven’t been able to pay the debt, to the rich, powerful countries.

UNESCO has done much to attempt to improve the financial crisis but the influence on this case is still ineffective and inefficient, because other problems sometimes arise, such as border disputes, civil war that destroyed everything.